Recent developments in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have improved the ability of MRI to detect tumors, stage cancer and help in management decisions. They are also helping to more accurately target biopsies.
MRI has advanced so that not only can tissue be looked at, but also how tightly cells are packed (diffusion-weighted imaging) and how blood flows in tissues (dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI). These techniques are the basis of multiparametric MRI, which allows radiologists to be able to separate cancerous tissue much better from benign tissue.
What are the benefits of 3T multiparametric MRI?
The Early Detection of Prostate Cancer
Digital rectal examination and blind transrectal biopsies of the prostate had been the gold standard of prostate cancer diagnosis. While they have been shown to save lives, they have also been shown to detect relatively harmless, insignificant cancers.
Furthermore, they sometimes miss aggressive tumors. Multiparametric MRI offers the possibility of reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies while detecting aggressive tumors in high-risk individuals such as those with family histories at an earlier stage. This, coupled with the appropriate use of transperineal grid-directed biopsy, should aid in the appropriate early detection of significant prostate cancer.
Improving the Accuracy of Biopsy
Multiparametric MRI offers the option of more accurate targeting of tumors in the prostate. If an MRI detects an obvious tumor, then, with sophisticated fusion technology overlaying the MRI image with the ultrasound image, it is now possible to accurately biopsy the area in question. This not only detects more significant cancers, which are those picked up by MRI, but it also avoids biopsying unnecessary, insignificant cancers, thus leading to less over-detection.
MRI is not perfect in detection at this stage, particularly in certain sections of the prostate called the transition zone. Fortunately, this is the least common site for aggressive prostate cancers.
Surgical Planning and Radiotherapy
Multiparametric MRI, by improving the accuracy of assessing the extent of cancer of the prostate, helps physicians to know whether the cancer is through the capsule, whether it has eaten into the seminal vesicles or whether it has spread into the lymph glands. This can then help physicians target with appropriate surgery and radiotherapy the most appropriate form of treatment and dosage of radiotherapy.
It is also helping doctors preserve the erectile nerves in surgery by giving us further confidence that the nerves are not infiltrated with cancerous tissue. Finally, it is even helpful in predicting the likelihood of incontinence after surgery by measuring the length of the urethra.
Monitoring Patients with Active Surveillance
An increasing number of patients with low-risk cancers have their cancer simply monitored. This has traditionally involved regular biopsies and PSA readings. MRI has added an extra dimension to the monitoring of these cancers and clearly is much less invasive than biopsy.
Furthermore, it helps by excluding cancers which may have been missed by the initial biopsy. It is very likely that MRI will have an increasing role and biopsies will have a decreasing role in the monitoring of these patients on active surveillance after initial diagnosis.
Focal Therapy
MRI and transperineal grid-directed biopsy have allowed more accurate imaging and sampling of the prostate, allowing the possibility of ‘lumpectomy’ or focal therapy to be a real option in prostate cancer patients. New energy sources, including high-intensity focused ultrasound, NanoKnife (electroporation), focal brachytherapy and focal laser therapy have allowed this to emerge as a possible treatment.
Focal therapy would not be possible without accurate localization and multiparametric MRI has allowed this to occur. Focal therapy at this stage is in its early formative stage but is certainly going to have an increasing role in the management of patients who have earlier and more localized prostate cancer.
